High frequency electrosurgical tester uses high frequency LCR or mesh above MHz Dynamic compensation implementation of n
2025-10-24
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Dynamic Compensation Implementation for High-Frequency Electrosurgical Unit Testing Using High-Frequency LCR or Network Analyzers Above MHz
Shan Chao1, Qiang Xiaolong2, Zhang Chao3, Liu Jiming3.
(1. Heilongjiang Institute for Drug Control, Harbin 150088, China; 2. Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Medical Device Testing Center, Nanning 530021, China; 3. Kingpo Technology Development Limited Dongguan 523869; China)
Abstract:
When high-frequency electrosurgical units (ESUs) operate above 1 MHz, the parasitic capacitance and inductance of resistive components result in complex high-frequency characteristics, impacting testing accuracy. This paper proposes a dynamic compensation method based on high-frequency LCR meters or network analyzers for high-frequency electrosurgical unit testers. By employing real-time impedance measurement, dynamic modeling, and adaptive compensation algorithms, the method addresses measurement errors caused by parasitic effects. The system integrates high-precision instruments and real-time processing modules to achieve accurate characterization of ESU performance. Experimental results demonstrate that, within the 1 MHz to 5 MHz range, impedance error is reduced from 14.8% to 1.8%, and phase error is reduced from 9.8 degrees to 0.8 degrees, validating the method's effectiveness and robustness. Extended studies explore algorithm optimization, adaptation for low-cost instruments, and applications across a broader frequency range.
introduction
The electrosurgical unit (ESU) is an indispensable device in modern surgery, using high-frequency electrical energy to achieve tissue cutting, coagulation, and ablation. Its operating frequency typically ranges from 1 MHz to 5 MHz to reduce neuromuscular stimulation and improve energy transfer efficiency. However, at high frequencies, parasitic effects of resistive components (such as capacitance and inductance) significantly affect impedance characteristics, making traditional testing methods incapable of accurately characterizing ESU performance. These parasitic effects not only affect output power stability but can also lead to uncertainty in energy delivery during surgery, increasing clinical risk.
Traditional ESU testing methods are typically based on static calibration, using fixed loads for measurement. However, in high-frequency environments, parasitic capacitance and inductance vary with frequency, leading to dynamic changes in impedance. Static calibration cannot adapt to these changes, and measurement errors can be as high as 15%[2]. To address this issue, this paper proposes a dynamic compensation method based on a high-frequency LCR meter or network analyzer. This method compensates for parasitic effects through real-time measurement and an adaptive algorithm to ensure test accuracy.
The contributions of this paper include:
A dynamic compensation framework based on a high-frequency LCR meter or network analyzer is proposed.
A real-time impedance modeling and compensation algorithm was developed for frequencies above 1 MHz.
The effectiveness of the method was verified through experiments, and its application potential on low-cost instruments was explored.
The following sections will introduce the theoretical basis, method implementation, experimental verification and future research directions in detail.
Theoretical analysis
High frequency resistance characteristics
In high-frequency environments, the ideal model of resistor components no longer applies. Actual resistors can be modeled as a composite circuit consisting of parasitic capacitance (Cp) and parasitic inductance (Lp), with an equivalent impedance of:
Where Z is the complex impedance, R is the nominal resistance, ω is the angular frequency, and j is the imaginary unit. The parasitic inductance Lp and parasitic capacitance Cp are determined by the component material, geometry, and connection method, respectively. Above 1 MHz, ω Lp and
The contribution of is significant, resulting in nonlinear changes in impedance magnitude and phase.
For example, for a nominal 500 Ω resistor at 5 MHz, assuming Lp = 10 nH and Cp = 5 pF, the imaginary part of the impedance is:
Substituting the numerical value, ω = 2π × 5 × 106rad/s, we can obtain:
This imaginary part indicates that parasitic effects significantly affect the impedance, causing measurement deviations.
Dynamic compensation principle
The goal of dynamic compensation is to extract parasitic parameters through real-time measurement and deduct their effects from the measured impedance. LCR meters calculate impedance by applying an AC signal of known frequency and measuring the amplitude and phase of the response signal. Network analyzers analyze reflection or transmission characteristics using S-parameters (scattering parameters), providing more accurate impedance data. Dynamic compensation algorithms use this measurement data to construct a real-time impedance model and correct for parasitic effects.
The impedance after compensation is:
This method requires high-precision data acquisition and fast algorithm processing to adapt to the dynamic working conditions of the ESU. Combining Kalman filtering technology can further improve the robustness of parameter estimation and adapt to noise and load changes [3].
method
System Architecture
The system design integrates the following core components:
High-frequency LCR meter or network analyzer: such as the Keysight E4980A (LCR meter, 0.05% accuracy) or the Keysight E5061B (network analyzer, supports S-parameter measurements) for high-precision impedance measurements.
Signal acquisition unit: collects impedance data in the range of 1 MHz to 5 MHz, with a sampling rate of 100 Hz.
Processing unit: uses an STM32F4 microcontroller (running at 168 MHz) to run the real-time compensation algorithm.
Compensation module: Adjusts the measured value based on the dynamic model and contains a digital signal processor (DSP) and dedicated firmware.
The system communicates with the LCR meter/network analyzer via USB or GPIB interfaces, ensuring reliable data transmission and low latency. The hardware design incorporates shielding and grounding for high-frequency signals to reduce external interference. To enhance system stability, a temperature compensation module has been added to correct for the effects of ambient temperature on the measuring instrument.
Motion compensation algorithm
The motion compensation algorithm is divided into the following steps:
Initial calibration: Measure the impedance of a reference load (500 Ω) at known frequencies (1 MHz, 2 MHz, 3 MHz, 4 MHz, and 5 MHz) to establish a baseline model.
Parasitic parameter extraction: The measured data is fitted using the least squares method to extract R, Lp, and Cp. The fitting model is based on:
Real-time compensation: Calculate the corrected impedance based on the extracted parasitic parameters:
Where ^(x)k is the estimated state (R, Lp, Cp), Kk is the Kalman gain, zk is the measurement value, and H is the measurement matrix.
To improve algorithm efficiency, a fast Fourier transform (FFT) is used to preprocess the measurement data and reduce computational complexity. Furthermore, the algorithm supports multi-threaded processing to perform data acquisition and compensation calculations in parallel.
Implementation details
The algorithm was prototyped in Python and then optimized and ported to C to run on an STM32F4. The LCR meter provides a 100 Hz sampling rate via the GPIB interface, while the network analyzer supports higher frequency resolution (up to 10 MHz). The compensation module's processing latency is kept to under 8.5 ms, ensuring real-time performance. Firmware optimizations include:
Efficient floating point unit (FPU) utilization.
Memory-optimized data buffer management, supporting 512 KB cache.
Real-time interrupt processing ensures data synchronization and low latency.
To accommodate different ESU models, the system supports multi-frequency scanning and automatic parameter adjustment based on a pre-set database of load characteristics. Furthermore, a fault detection mechanism has been added. When measurement data is abnormal (such as parasitic parameters outside the expected range), the system will trigger an alarm and recalibrate.
Experimental verification
Experimental setup
The experiments were conducted in a laboratory environment using the following equipment:
High-frequency ESU: operating frequency 1 MHz to 5 MHz, output power 100 W.
LCR table: Keysight E4980A, accuracy 0.05%.
Network analyzer: Keysight E5061B, supports S-parameter measurements.
Reference load: 500 Ω ± 0.1% precision resistor, rated power 200 W.
Microcontroller: STM32F4, running at 168 MHz.
The experimental load consisted of ceramic and metal film resistors to simulate the diverse load conditions encountered during actual surgery. Test frequencies were 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 3 MHz, 4 MHz, and 5 MHz. The ambient temperature was controlled at 25°C ± 2°C, and the humidity was 50% ± 10% to minimize external interference.
Experimental results
Uncompensated measurements show that the impact of parasitic effects increases significantly with frequency. At 5 MHz, the impedance deviation reaches 14.8%, and the phase error is 9.8 degrees. After applying dynamic compensation, the impedance deviation is reduced to 1.8%, and the phase error is reduced to 0.8 degrees. Detailed results are shown in Table 1.
The experiment also tested the algorithm's stability under non-ideal loads (including high parasitic capacitance, Cp = 10pF). After compensation, the error was kept within 2.4%. Furthermore, repeated experiments (averaging 10 measurements) verified the system's repeatability, with a standard deviation of less than 0.1%.
Table 1: Measurement accuracy before and after compensation
frequency ( MHz )
Uncompensated impedance error (%)
Impedance error after compensation (%)
Phase error ( Spend )
1
4.9
0.7
0.4
2
7.5
0.9
0.5
3
9.8
1.2
0.6
4
12.2
1.5
0.7
5
14.8
1.8
0.8
Performance Analysis
The compensation algorithm has a computational complexity of O(n), where n is the number of measurement frequencies. Kalman filtering significantly improves the stability of parameter estimation, especially in noisy environments (SNR = 20 dB). The overall system response time is 8.5 ms, meeting real-time testing requirements. Compared to traditional static calibration, the dynamic compensation method reduces measurement time by approximately 30%, improving test efficiency.
discuss
Method advantages
The dynamic compensation method significantly improves the accuracy of high-frequency electrosurgical testing by processing parasitic effects in real time. Compared with traditional static calibration, this method can adapt to dynamic changes in the load and is particularly suitable for complex impedance characteristics in high-frequency environments. The combination of LCR meters and network analyzers provides complementary measurement capabilities: LCR meters are suitable for fast impedance measurements, and network analyzers perform well in high-frequency S-parameter analysis. In addition, the application of Kalman filtering improves the algorithm's robustness to noise and load changes [4].
limitation
Although the method is effective, it has the following limitations:
Instrument cost: High-precision LCR meters and network analyzers are expensive, which limits the popularity of this method.
Calibration needs: The system needs to be calibrated regularly to adapt to instrument aging and environmental changes.
Frequency range: The current experiment is limited to below 5 MHz, and the applicability of higher frequencies (such as 10 MHz) needs to be verified.
Optimization direction
Future improvements can be made in the following ways:
Low-cost instrument adaptation: Develop a simplified algorithm based on a low-cost LCR meter to reduce system cost.
Wideband support: The algorithm is extended to support frequencies above 10 MHz to meet the needs of new ESUs.
Artificial intelligence integration: Introducing machine learning models (such as neural networks) to optimize parasitic parameter estimation and improve the level of automation.
in conclusion
This paper proposes a dynamic compensation method based on a high-frequency LCR meter or network analyzer for accurate measurements above 1 MHz for high-frequency electrosurgical testers. Through real-time impedance modeling and an adaptive compensation algorithm, the system effectively mitigates measurement errors caused by parasitic capacitance and inductance. Experimental results demonstrate that within the 1 MHz to 5 MHz range, the impedance error is reduced from 14.8% to 1.8%, and the phase error is reduced from 9.8 degrees to 0.8 degrees, validating the effectiveness and robustness of the method.
Future research will focus on algorithm optimization, low-cost instrument adaptation, and application over a wider frequency range. Integration of artificial intelligence technologies (such as machine learning models) can further improve parameter estimation accuracy and system automation. This method provides a reliable solution for high-frequency electrosurgical unit testing and has important clinical and industrial applications.
References
GB9706.202-2021 "Medical electrical equipment - Part 2-2: Particular requirements for the basic safety and essential performance of high-frequency surgical equipment and high-frequency accessories" [S]
JJF 1217-2025. High-Frequency Electrosurgical Unit Calibration Specification [S]
Chen Guangfei. Research and design of high-frequency electrosurgical analyzer[J]. Beijing Biomedical Engineering, 2009, 28(4): 342-345.
Huang Hua, Liu Yajun. Brief analysis of the power measurement and acquisition circuit design of QA-Es high-frequency electrosurgical analyzer[J]. China Medical Equipment, 2013, 28(01): 113-115.
Chen Shangwen, Performance testing and quality control of medical high-frequency electrosurgical unit[J]. Measuring and Testing Technology, 2018, 45(08): 67~69.
Chen Guangfei, Zhou Dan. Research on calibration method of high-frequency electrosurgical analyzer[J]. Medical and Health Equipment, 2009, 30(08): 9~10+19.
Duan Qiaofeng, Gao Shan, Zhang Xuehao. Discussion on high-frequency leakage current of high-frequency surgical equipment. J. China Medical Device Information, 2013, 19(10): 159-167.
Zhao Yuxiang, Liu Jixiang, Lu Jia, et al., Practice and discussion of high-frequency electrosurgical unit quality control testing methods. China Medical Equipment, 2012, 27(11): 1561-1562.
He Min, Zeng Qiao, Liu Hanwei, Wu Jingbiao (corresponding author). Analysis and comparison of high-frequency electrosurgical unit output power test methods [J]. Medical Equipment, 2021, (34): 13-0043-03.
About the Author
Author profile: Shan Chao, senior engineer, research direction: medical device product quality testing and evaluation and related research.
Author profile: Qiang Xiaolong, deputy chief technician, research direction: active medical device testing quality evaluation and standardization research.
Author profile: Liu Jiming, undergraduate, research direction: measurement and control design and development.
Corresponding author
Zhang Chao, Master, focuses on measurement and control design and development. Email: info@kingpo.hk
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Optimize Efficiency with a Battery Testing Machine
2025-10-14
Optimize Efficiency with a Battery Testing Machine
Battery testing machines are vital tools in today's tech-driven world. They ensure batteries perform at their best.
These machines help identify potential issues before they become major problems. This can save time and money.
From simple handheld devices to advanced bench-top models, battery testers come in many forms. Each serves a unique purpose.
Industries like automotive and electronics rely heavily on these machines. They help maintain the efficiency and safety of battery-powered equipment.
Understanding how to choose and use a battery testing machine is crucial. It can extend battery life and enhance performance.
What Is a Battery Testing Machine?
A battery testing machine evaluates the health and performance of batteries. It provides crucial insights into a battery's functionality.
These devices can measure important metrics. For example, the state of charge (SOC) and the state of health (SOH). Such metrics help determine the battery's current condition and remaining lifespan.
There are several types of battery testing machines, each designed for specific functions. Here are common features:
Digital displays for clear readings.
Compatibility with various battery chemistries like lead-acid and lithium-ion.
Ability to perform load, capacity, and impedance tests.
These machines are vital tools in industries and workshops worldwide.
Why Battery Testing Matters
Battery testing plays a critical role in maintaining equipment efficiency. It prevents unexpected failures by providing early warnings about potential battery issues. This proactive approach helps avoid costly downtime.
Regular battery testing can significantly extend battery lifespan. By identifying issues early, users can perform timely maintenance. This not only improves performance but also saves money in the long run.
Key reasons why battery testing is crucial:
Ensures optimal equipment performance.
Reduces risk of sudden battery failures.
Extends battery service life.
Industries relying on batteries, like automotive and electronics, highly benefit from consistent testing practices.
Types of Battery Testing Machines
Battery testing machines come in various forms to cater to diverse needs. From simple devices to advanced systems, each serves a specific purpose. Understanding these types is vital for selecting the right one.
Handheld battery testers are portable and user-friendly. They are ideal for quick checks in fieldwork. Despite their simplicity, they provide useful insights into battery health.
Bench-top testers offer more advanced testing capabilities. They can perform various tests, such as load, capacity, and impedance tests. These machines are suitable for detailed diagnostics and research applications.
Some specialized testers are designed for specific battery chemistries. For instance, some are optimized for lead-acid batteries, while others focus on lithium-ion types. Selecting a tester that suits your battery chemistry is essential.
Key types of battery testers include:
Handheld testers
Bench-top machines
Chemistry-specific testers
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Key Features to Look For in a Battery Tester
When selecting a battery tester, focus on a few key features. These features ensure that the tester meets your specific needs and provides accurate results.
Accuracy is paramount. A battery tester should give precise readings, ensuring you get a true picture of battery health. Compatibility with various battery types enhances its utility.
Ease of use is another important feature. A user-friendly interface simplifies the testing process, making it accessible to everyone. For professionals, advanced features might be necessary.
Consider testers with data logging capabilities. This feature allows for tracking performance over time, which is crucial for preventive maintenance. It helps identify trends and potential issues early.
Key features to consider:
Accuracy
Battery compatibility
Ease of use
Data logging capabilities
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How Battery Testing Machines Work
Battery testing machines evaluate the health and performance of batteries. They assess parameters like voltage, current, and resistance.
The testing process often begins with connecting the tester to the battery. The machine then performs assessments like load tests or impedance measurements. These tests determine the battery's state of charge and health.
Various testing methods provide insights into different aspects of battery performance. For example, load tests measure how well a battery can maintain voltage under load. Impedance tests offer details about the battery's internal resistance, highlighting its capacity.
Key testing methods include:
Voltage measurement
Load testing
Impedance testing
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Applications: Who Uses Battery Testing Machines?
Battery testing machines serve various industries essential for their operations. They are vital tools in both consumer electronics and industrial sectors.
The automotive industry, for instance, relies heavily on battery testers. They are used to assess vehicle batteries to prevent unexpected failures. Similarly, electronics manufacturers use these machines for quality control and to ensure long-lasting products.
Several professionals benefit from battery testing devices, including:
Automotive technicians
Electronics engineers
Industrial maintenance workers
Field service technicians
Additionally, hobbyists find these tools useful for maintaining personal devices. Battery testers help hobbyists ensure their gadgets function optimally.
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How to Choose the Right Battery Testing Machine
Selecting the perfect battery testing machine requires careful consideration. Your choice should depend on specific needs and battery types you frequently encounter.
Firstly, evaluate the range of batteries you work with regularly. Consider machines compatible with various chemistries like lead-acid, lithium-ion, and nickel-metal hydride.
Next, think about the key features essential for your operations. Prioritize factors such as:
Accuracy of readings
Ease of use and user interface
Compatibility with diverse battery types
Portability and design
Additionally, budget should align with features without compromising quality. Investing in a reliable tester can prevent costly failures and extend battery life.
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Battery Testing Best Practices and Safety Tips
Implementing best practices ensures accurate results and safety during battery testing. Begin by reading the manual for each battery tester to understand its functions and limitations.
Follow these safety tips to prevent accidents:
Always wear protective gear like gloves and goggles.
Ensure the testing area is well-ventilated.
Avoid using damaged testers or connecting wires.
Regular maintenance of your testing equipment is crucial. This practice prolongs the device's lifespan and maintains testing accuracy. Proper training for operators is also essential, ensuring tests are conducted safely and effectively.
Conclusion: The Value of Reliable Battery Testing
Battery testing machines are indispensable tools across various industries. They ensure the reliable performance and safety of battery-powered systems. Regular testing helps identify potential faults before they escalate into costly issues.
Investing in a high-quality battery tester can save money over time. It prolongs battery life and enhances performance, reducing the need for frequent replacements. For any professional, a battery tester is not just a tool, but an investment in efficiency and safety. Embrace regular battery testing to optimize battery usage and reduce operational risks.
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Application of KP2021 High-Frequency Electrosurgical Analyzer and Network Analyzer in Thermage Testing
2025-09-08
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Abstract
Thermage, a non-invasive radiofrequency (RF) skin tightening technology, is widely used in medical aesthetics. With operating frequencies increasing to 1MHz-5MHz, testing faces challenges such as skin effect, proximity effect, and parasitic parameters. Based on the GB 9706.202-2021 standard, this article explores the integrated application of the KP2021 high-frequency electrosurgical analyzer and vector network analyzer (VNA) in power measurement, impedance analysis, and performance validation. Through optimized strategies, these tools ensure the safety and efficacy of Thermage devices.
Keywords: Thermage; KP2021 high-frequency electrosurgical analyzer; network analyzer; high-frequency testing;
IEC 60601-2-20 standard; skin effect; parasitic parameters
Introduction
Thermage is a non-invasive RF skin tightening technology that heats deep collagen layers to promote regeneration, achieving skin tightening and anti-aging effects. As a medical aesthetic device, the stability, safety, and performance consistency of its RF output are critical. According to IEC 60601-2-2 and its Chinese equivalent, GB 9706.202-2021, RF medical devices require testing for output power, leakage current, and impedance matching to ensure clinical safety and efficacy.
High-frequency electrosurgical devices utilize high-density, high-frequency current to create localized thermal effects, vaporizing or disrupting tissue for cutting and coagulation. These devices, typically operating in the 200kHz-5MHz range, are widely used in open surgeries (e.g., general surgery, gynecology) and endoscopic procedures (e.g., laparoscopy, gastroscopy). While traditional electrosurgical units operate at 400kHz-650kHz (e.g., 512kHz) for significant cutting and hemostasis, higher-frequency devices (1MHz-5MHz) enable finer cutting and coagulation with reduced thermal damage, suitable for plastic surgery and dermatology. As higher-frequency devices like low-temperature RF knives and aesthetic RF systems emerge, testing challenges intensify. The GB 9706.202-2021 standard, particularly clause 201.5.4, imposes stringent requirements on measurement instruments and test resistors, rendering traditional methods inadequate.
The KP2021 high-frequency electrosurgical analyzer and vector network analyzer (VNA) play pivotal roles in Thermage testing. This article examines their applications in quality control, production validation, and maintenance, analyzing high-frequency testing challenges and proposing innovative solutions.
Overview and Functions of KP2021 High-Frequency Electrosurgical Analyzer
The KP2021, developed by KINGPO Technology, is a precision testing instrument for high-frequency electrosurgical units (ESUs). Its key features include:
Wide Measurement Range: Power (0-500W, ±3% or ±1W), voltage (0-400V RMS, ±2% or ±2V), current (2mA-5000mA, ±1%), high-frequency leakage current (2mA-5000mA, ±1%), load impedance (0-6400Ω, ±1%).
Frequency Coverage: 50kHz-200MHz, supporting continuous, pulsed, and stimulation modes.
Diverse Test Modes: RF power measurement (monopolar/bipolar), power load curve testing, leakage current measurement, and REM/ARM/CQM (return electrode monitoring) testing.
Automation and Compatibility: Supports automated testing, compatible with brands like Valleylab, Conmed, and Erbe, and integrates with LIMS/MES systems.
Compliant with IEC 60601-2-2, the KP2021 is ideal for R&D, production quality control, and hospital equipment maintenance.
Overview and Functions of Network Analyzer
The vector network analyzer (VNA) measures RF network parameters, such as S-parameters (scattering parameters, including reflection coefficient S11 and transmission coefficient S21). Its applications in medical RF device testing include:
Impedance Matching: Evaluates RF energy transfer efficiency, reducing reflection losses to ensure stable output under varying skin impedances.
Frequency Response Analysis: Measures amplitude and phase responses across a wide band (10kHz-20MHz), identifying distortions from parasitic parameters.
Impedance Spectrum Measurement: Quantifies resistance, reactance, and phase angle via Smith chart analysis, ensuring compliance with GB 9706.202-2021.
Compatibility: Modern VNAs (e.g., Keysight, Anritsu) cover frequencies up to 70GHz with 0.1dB accuracy, suitable for RF medical device R&D and validation.
These capabilities make VNAs ideal for analyzing Thermage’s RF chain, complementing traditional power meters.
Standard Requirements and Technical Challenges in High-Frequency Testing
Overview of GB 9706.202-2021 Standard
Clause 201.5.4 of GB 9706.202-2021 mandates that instruments measuring high-frequency current provide true RMS accuracy of at least 5% from 10kHz to five times the device’s fundamental frequency. Test resistors must have a rated power at least 50% of the test consumption, with resistance component accuracy within 3% and an impedance phase angle not exceeding 8.5° in the same frequency range.
While these requirements are manageable for traditional 500kHz electrosurgical units, Thermage devices operating above 4MHz face significant challenges, as resistor impedance characteristics directly impact power measurement and performance evaluation accuracy.
Key Characteristics of Resistors at High Frequencies
Skin Effect
The skin effect causes high-frequency current to concentrate on a conductor’s surface, reducing effective conductive area and increasing the resistor’s actual resistance compared to DC or low-frequency values. This can lead to power calculation errors exceeding 10%.
Proximity Effect
The proximity effect, occurring alongside the skin effect in closely arranged conductors, exacerbates uneven current distribution due to magnetic field interactions. In Thermage’s RF probe and load designs, this increases losses and thermal instability.
Parasitic Parameters
At high frequencies, resistors exhibit non-negligible parasitic inductance (L) and capacitance (C), forming a complex impedance Z = R + jX (X = XL - XC). Parasitic inductance generates reactance XL = 2πfL, increasing with frequency, while parasitic capacitance generates reactance XC = 1/(2πfC), decreasing with frequency. This results in a phase angle deviation from 0°, potentially exceeding 8.5°, violating standards and risking unstable output or overheating.
Reactive Parameters
Reactive parameters, driven by inductive (XL) and capacitive (XC) reactances, contribute to impedance Z = R + jX. If XL and XC are unbalanced or excessive, the phase angle deviates significantly, reducing power factor and energy transfer efficiency.
Limitations of Non-Inductive Resistors
Non-inductive resistors, designed to minimize parasitic inductance using thin-film, thick-film, or carbon-film structures, still face challenges above 4MHz:
Residual Parasitic Inductance: Even small inductance produces significant reactance at high frequencies.
Parasitic Capacitance: Capacitive reactance decreases, causing resonance and deviating from pure resistance.
Wideband Stability: Maintaining phase angle ≤8.5° and resistance accuracy ±3% from 10kHz-20MHz is challenging.
High-Power Dissipation: Thin-film structures have lower heat dissipation, limiting power handling or requiring complex designs.
Integrated Application of KP2021 and VNA in Thermage Testing
Test Workflow Design
Preparation: Connect KP2021 to the Thermage device, setting load impedance (e.g., 200Ω to simulate skin). Integrate VNA into the RF chain, calibrating to eliminate cable parasitics.
Power and Leakage Testing: KP2021 measures output power, voltage/current RMS, and leakage current, ensuring compliance with GB standards, and monitors REM functionality.
Impedance and Phase Angle Analysis: VNA scans the frequency band, measures S-parameters, and calculates phase angle. If >8.5°, adjust matching network or resistor structure.
High-Frequency Effect Compensation: KP2021’s pulse mode testing, combined with VNA’s time-domain reflectometry (TDR), identifies signal distortions, with digital algorithms compensating for errors.
Validation and Reporting: Integrate data into automated systems, generating GB 9706.202-2021-compliant reports with power load curves and impedance spectra.
KP2021 simulates skin impedances (50-500Ω) to quantify skin/proximity effects and correct readings. VNA’s S11 measurements calculate parasitic parameters, ensuring a power factor close to 1.
Innovative Solutions
Resistor Material and Structure Optimization
Low-Inductance Design: Use thin-film, thick-film, or carbon-film resistors, avoiding wire-wound structures.
Low Parasitic Capacitance: Optimize packaging and pin design to minimize contact area.
Wideband Impedance Matching: Employ parallel low-value resistors to reduce parasitic effects and maintain phase angle stability.
High-Precision High-Frequency Instruments
True RMS Measurement: KP2021 and VNA support non-sinusoidal waveform measurement across 30kHz-20MHz.
Wideband Sensors: Select low-loss, high-linearity probes with controlled parasitic parameters.
Calibration and Validation
Regularly calibrate systems using certified high-frequency sources to ensure accuracy.
Test Environment and Connection Optimization
Short Leads and Coaxial Connections: Use high-frequency coaxial cables to minimize losses and parasitics.
Shielding and Grounding: Implement electromagnetic shielding and proper grounding to reduce interference.
Impedance Matching Networks: Design networks to maximize energy transfer efficiency.
Innovative Testing Methods
Digital Signal Processing: Apply Fourier transforms to analyze and correct parasitic distortions.
Machine Learning: Model and predict high-frequency behavior, auto-adjusting test parameters.
Virtual Instrumentation: Combine hardware and software for real-time monitoring and data correction.
Case Study
In testing a 4MHz Thermage system, initial results showed a 5% power deviation and a 10° phase angle. KP2021 identified excessive leakage current, while VNA detected a 0.1μH parasitic inductance. After replacing with low-inductance resistors and optimizing the matching network, the phase angle dropped to 5°, and power accuracy reached ±2%, meeting standards.
Conclusion
The GB 9706.202-2021 standard highlights the limitations of traditional testing in high-frequency environments. The integrated use of KP2021 and VNA addresses challenges like skin effect and parasitic parameters, ensuring Thermage devices meet safety and efficacy standards. Future advancements, incorporating machine learning and virtual instrumentation, will further enhance testing capabilities for high-frequency medical devices.
https://www.batterytestingmachine.com/videos-51744861-kp2021-electrosurgical-unit-analyzer.html
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KINGPO will meet you at the 92nd China International Medical Equipment (Autumn) Expo in 2025
2025-08-28
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Canton Fair Complex & KINGPO Technology Exhibition
About the Canton Fair Complex
The China Import and Export Fair Complex (also known as the Canton Fair Complex) is located on Pazhou Island in Guangzhou's Haizhu District. With a total construction area exceeding 1.62 million square meters and an exhibition area of 620,000 square meters, including 504,000 square meters of indoor exhibition space and 116,000 square meters of outdoor exhibition space, the Canton Fair Complex is the world's largest convention and exhibition complex. The complex comprises Pavilions A, B, C, and D, the Canton Fair Hall, and Canton Fair Building Towers A (the Westin Canton Fair Hotel) and B. The Canton Fair Complex boasts a prime location and convenient transportation, adjacent to key urban development areas such as Zhujiang New Town, the Pazhou E-commerce Zone, Guangzhou Science City, and Guangzhou University Town. The complex seamlessly integrates humanistic principles, green ecology, high technology, and intelligent technology, shining like a dazzling pearl to the world. As a national-level exhibition platform, the Canton Fair Complex is not only the venue for the China Import and Export Fair (Canton Fair), known as "China's No. 1 Exhibition," but also serves as a premium platform for brand exhibitions and diverse events, as well as a premier venue for high-end international and domestic conferences. Address: No. 382, Yuejiang Middle Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou
Transportation Guide
Subway Transportation
You can take Metro Line 8 to the Canton Fair Complex. Exit A of Xingangdong Station leads to Canton Fair Complex Area A. Exits A and B of Pazhou Station lead to Canton Fair Complex Area B. Exit C of Pazhou Station and walk 300 meters west to Canton Fair Complex Area C.
Airport North Station/South Station-----Xingang East Station/Pazhou Station
Line 1 (North Extension) Airport North Station (Terminal 2)/Airport South Station (Terminal 1) - Tiyuxi Road Station (Transfer to Line 3) - Kecun Station (Transfer to Line 8) - Xingangdong Station (Canton Fair Complex Area A)/Pazhou Station (Canton Fair Complex Areas B and C)
From the train station to the Canton Fair Complex
From Guangzhou Railway Station: Take Metro Line 2 (towards Guangzhou South Station) to Changgang Station, transfer to Line 8 (towards Wanshengwei Station), and exit at Xingangdong Station (Area A) or Pazhou Station (Areas B or C). From Guangzhou East Railway Station: Take Metro Line 3 (towards Panyu Square Station) to Kecun Station, transfer to Line 8 (towards Wanshengwei Station), and exit at Xingangdong Station (Area A) or Pazhou Station (Areas B or C). From Guangzhou South Station: Take Metro Line 2 (towards Jiahewanggang Station) to Changgang Station, transfer to Line 8 (towards Wanshengwei Station), and get off at Xingangdong Road Station (for Exhibition Hall Area A) or Pazhou Station (for Exhibition Hall Areas B and C). Taxis are an essential part of Guangzhou's public transportation system. They are convenient and fast, stop by simply waving your hand, and fares are metered. Please note: Taxis can only pick up and drop off passengers at the taxi lane on Zhanchangzhong Road in Exhibition Hall Area A and the pick-up point on the east side of Exhibition Hall Area C. Pickup and drop-off are not permitted at other locations. For driving directions, simply navigate to the Canton Fair Complex.
Canton Fair Complex Area A, No. 380, Yuejiang Middle Road, Haizhu District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province
KINGPO Technology Exhibits and Services
KINGPO Technology Exhibits and Services As a company specializing in the research and development and manufacturing of medical devices, Dongguan KINGPO Machinery Technology Co., Ltd. has always been committed to providing customers with high-quality products and services. At this exhibition, we will showcase the latest medical device products and technologies, including but not limited to:
Domestically developed IEC60601:Electrosurgical Unit Analyzer, neutral electrode temperature rise tester, impedance tester, etc.
Domestically developed YY1712 solution: surgical robot testing solution
Various defibrillator pulse generators
EEG signal simulator
ISO80369/YY0916 full range of solutions
IVD (IEC61010.GB42125 series standards) testing solutions
Electrical stimulation quality analysis system
Reliability Solutions
Smart Manufacturing Solutions: Provide efficient and intelligent production solutions to help medical device manufacturers improve production efficiency.
Professional services: Our team of experts will answer your questions on site and provide professional technical support and consulting services.
To ensure you can visit our booth smoothly, we have specially provided a registration portal. By scanning the QR code below to register, you will be able to enjoy the privilege of skipping the line on site and learn more about our products and services more efficiently.
We look forward to meeting you at CMEF to discuss the future of the medical device industry. Dongguan Jingbang Machinery Technology Co., Ltd. remains committed to technological innovation and service excellence, working with you to create a better future. Please remember our booth number: 19.2G22. We'll be waiting for you in Guangzhou! We look forward to seeing you!
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Is defibrillation protection testing done correctly?
2025-08-25
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Is defibrillation protection testing done correctly?
Defibrillator protection, a fundamental safety and performance requirement for many medical devices, is required by numerous standards for testing, including common-mode, differential-mode, and energy reduction tests. This requirement itself is likely familiar to many, as it already exists in older versions of the GB 9706 series and other industry standards. These standards also provide circuit diagrams for reference, and everyone has been following this practice for years, seemingly without issue. However, a veteran in the industry recently raised concerns about issues with the defibrillator circuitry in the standards, particularly the signal source connection in the ECG standard. This meticulous individual even simulated the circuit.
If the signal source connection is as per the standard, it should be as shown in Figure 1. However, the output will be close to 20V, and the ECG monitor will probably be saturated early. It is also impossible to achieve the 5mV required by the standard. If the signal source is 5mV as per the standard, the connection method should be as shown in the figure below.
Clearly, the circuit in GB 9706.227-2021 is problematic. So, let's look at the IEC 60601-2-27:2011 version of GB 9706.227-2021. The circuit is as follows (though this circuit also has its own issues).
But why are GB 9706.227-2021 and IEC 60601-2-27:2011 different? The problem may lie with IEC 60601-2-27:2011+C1:2011. This revision requires the common-mode test circuit in the French version to be replaced as follows:
This results in different common-mode defibrillation test circuits in the English and French versions. Domestic converters may have used the latest revision. In fact, both circuits have some issues. Looking back at the IEC 60601-2-27:2005 version, the circuit is as follows:
There are still many differences between this and the 2011 version, but it is consistent with the previous domestic GB 9706.25-2005.
Let's look at the EEG standard, which is similar to the ECG standard: Since there is no common mode test requirement in GB 9706.26-2005, we will directly look at GB9706.226-2021
This is similar to the revised version of IEC 60601-2-27, but it also has some problems, especially when loading the signal source after defibrillation. Let's look at the latest version of the EEG standard IEC 80601-2-26:2019. This is more clear. R1 (100Ω) and R2 (50Ω) are used during defibrillation. After defibrillation, switch to the signal source and use R4 (100Ω) and R2 (50Ω).
Let's look at the upcoming ECG standard IEC 80601-2-86. Apparently, the IEC has recognized its previous mistakes and has updated the common-mode test circuit, which is essentially consistent with IEC 80601-2-26:2019. However, there's one detail worth noting: the resistance value of R3 is different: 470kΩ in one case and 390kΩ in the other.
Therefore, it's almost certain that there's something wrong with the common-mode defibrillation circuit in the current standard. Why hasn't anyone noticed this? I suspect that while the standard includes circuit diagrams for defibrillation testing, most people don't have the luxury of setting up their own circuits for actual testing. The most commonly used devices in the industry are the German Zeus and the US Compliance West MegaPulse. The internal circuitry of these devices is rarely studied. Furthermore, when testing common-mode defibrillation, the signal amplitude is adjusted to meet the standard's requirements before defibrillation. Then, defibrillation is performed, and the signal source is switched back on to compare the amplitude changes before and after defibrillation. Therefore, as long as the test is completed, little attention is paid to the specific details of the internal circuitry.
Now that we've discovered this issue, let's examine the internal circuitry details of these two devices. First, let's look at the internal circuit diagram provided by Zeus: Clearly, the 100Ω resistor is shared, R4 switches between 50Ω and 400Ω, and the signal source only uses a 470kΩ resistor. Furthermore, due to the output circuit connector design, switching the connectors before and after defibrillation is required to load the signal source. Therefore, EEG testing should present no significant issues, and will likely continue to do so. For ECG testing, there are minor discrepancies in the resistor values (although I personally believe this isn't a significant issue, as long as the signal amplitude can be adjusted).
The latest Zeus V1 and V2 circuit diagrams show a change in resistors to 390kΩ, with the addition of R7 and R8. Although the values aren't marked, it's likely this is intended to meet both EEG and ECG requirements.
Compliance West's MegaPulse offers a variety of models, with the D5-P 2011V2 clearly meeting the latest and future ECG standards and providing an accurate connection scheme (even without the separate R4), but it's less suitable for EEG.
Looking at the D5-P circuit, it meets EEG and earlier ECG standards, but not ECG.
Finally, the latest D8-PF signal clearly takes into account the latest EEG and ECG standards.
Therefore, if you want to strictly follow the defibrillator common mode test, you may need to check the model and manual of your defibrillator test equipment to ensure that the internal circuit meets the correct standard requirements. Although strictly speaking, changes in standards have little impact on test results, it is still a concern if you encounter a teacher who is too picky.
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